{"id":15968,"date":"2020-06-25T19:20:39","date_gmt":"2020-06-25T17:20:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/?p=15968"},"modified":"2025-03-04T18:41:41","modified_gmt":"2025-03-04T17:41:41","slug":"cancer-un-problema-de-frens-i-acceleradors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/cancer-un-problema-de-frens-i-acceleradors\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e0ncer: un problema de frens i acceleradors"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/tag\/cancer-ca\/\" target=\"_blank\">c\u00e0ncer<\/a> provoca al voltant del <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/toni-celia-terrassa-imim-mes-del-90-de-les-morts-per-cancer-son-degudes-a-una-metastasi\/\" target=\"_blank\">13% de totes las morts al m\u00f3n<\/a> \u2014 unes <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/health-professional\/cancer-statistics\/worldwide-cancer\" target=\"_blank\">9,6 milions de persones nom\u00e9s al 2018<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sovint es diu que no es tracta d&#8217;una \u00fanica malaltia, sin\u00f3 de diverses. No nom\u00e9s <strong>hi ha m\u00e9s de 100 tipus <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/joan-albanell-de-cancer-de-mama-no-nhi-ha-nomes-un\/\" target=\"_blank\">diferents de c\u00e0ncer<\/a><\/strong>, classificats segons el teixit que afecten, sin\u00f3 que existeixen diverses causes que poden desembocar en aquesta malaltia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Existeixen dos tipus de gens implicats en c\u00e0ncer: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Els <strong>oncogens<\/strong> s\u00f3n aquells gens que, quan se sobreexpressen, poden provocar c\u00e0ncer. En condicions normals aquests gens <strong>s\u00f3n &#8216;acceleradors&#8217;<\/strong>: permeten que la c\u00e8l\u00b7lula avanci en el seu cicle i es divideixi. Per\u00f2 si estan hiperactivats, la c\u00e8l\u00b7lula es reprodueix descontroladament.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Els <strong>gens supressors de tumor<\/strong>, per un altre costat, <strong>s\u00f3n els &#8216;frens&#8217;<\/strong> de la c\u00e8l\u00b7lula. S\u00f3n gens que sota condicions de normalitat regulen el cicle de divisi\u00f3 cel\u00b7lular, reparen les anomalies de l&#8217;ADN i, si la c\u00e8l\u00b7lula t\u00e9 algun problema sense resoldre, l&#8217;elimina. De fet, si hi ha un defecte en la duplicaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;ADN que no pot ser corregit, els gens supressors de tumor frenen a la c\u00e8l\u00b7lula, induint-li apoptosi o mort cel\u00b7lular programada. Si aquests gens estan altament mutats, no obstant, la c\u00e8l\u00b7lula \u00e9s incapa\u00e7 de suicidar-se pel b\u00e9 de l&#8217;organisme, i continua dividint-se.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>El c\u00e0ncer \u00e9s una condici\u00f3 en la que les nostres pr\u00f2pies c\u00e8l\u00b7lules es divideixen descontroladament: els &#8216;acceleradors&#8217; acceleren massa, i els &#8216;frens&#8217; deixen de funcionar.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BRCA1 i BRCA2 s\u00f3n dos exemples de supressors de tumor involucrats en el <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/xxiii-jornada-sobre-cancer-de-mama\/\" target=\"_blank\">c\u00e0ncer de mama<\/a> que, en condicions normals, participen en la reparaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;ADN. Si estan mutats, no poden portar a terme la seva funci\u00f3 correctament, i l&#8217;ADN acumula m\u00e9s i m\u00e9s mutacions, i aix\u00f2 pot portar a un creixement sense control de la c\u00e8l\u00b7lula i al c\u00e0ncer. Aix\u00ed doncs, <strong>tenir una mutaci\u00f3 en alguns d&#8217;aquests gens implica un risc m\u00e9s elevat de patir aquesta malaltia<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>El c\u00e0ncer de mama \u00e9s un tumor amb un component hereditari, per\u00f2 altres no<\/strong>; s\u00f3n el resultat de l&#8217;acumulaci\u00f3 de mutacions al llarg de la vida de l&#8217;individu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En ambd\u00f3s casos, no obstant, <strong>pel desenvolupament del c\u00e0ncer han d&#8217;haver-hi diverses mutacions a una mateixa c\u00e8l\u00b7lula<\/strong>. Aix\u00f2 \u00e9s degut a que la c\u00e8l\u00b7lula disposa de diversos sistemes de control paral\u00b7lels de manera que, si un falla, l&#8217;altre pot mantenir l&#8217;ordre. Per l&#8217;aparici\u00f3 d&#8217;un c\u00e0ncer, tots aquests sistemes han de fallar al mateix temps. A primera vista, aix\u00f2 sembla improbable per\u00f2 no \u00e9s tan estrany si considerem que <strong>les nostres c\u00e8l\u00b7lules acumulen milions de mutacions al dia <\/strong>\u2014 <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/no-totes-les-mutacions-son-dolentes-generen-varietat\/\" target=\"_blank\">tot i que la majoria no provoquen cap efecte maligne<\/a>. Aquestes mutacions poden ser degudes a l&#8217;ambient o errors de la maquin\u00e0ria cel\u00b7lular de duplicaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;ADN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Per l&#8217;aparici\u00f3 d&#8217;un c\u00e0ncer, tots els sistemes de control han de fallar al mateix temps.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En resum, el c\u00e0ncer \u00e9s una condici\u00f3 per la qual <strong>les nostres pr\u00f2pies c\u00e8l\u00b7lules perden el control<\/strong>: els &#8216;acceleradors&#8217; acceleren massa, els &#8216;frens&#8217; deixen de funcionar. Per entendre i lluitar contra el c\u00e0ncer, necessitem entendre com funcionen les c\u00e8l\u00b7lules en condicions normals i com i per qu\u00e8 poden perdre el control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El c\u00e0ncer provoca milions de morts a l&#8217;any. En aquest article et mostrem l&#8217;explicaci\u00f3 molecular de per qu\u00e8 les c\u00e8l\u00b7lules esdevenen tumorals.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":15953,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[269,297,312,513],"new-type":[35,43],"class_list":["post-15968","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ciencia-i-societat","tag-biologia-cellular","tag-biologia-molecular","tag-cancer-ca","tag-ciencia-al-descobert","new-type-noticies","new-type-recomanem"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15968","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15968"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15968\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":46884,"href":"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15968\/revisions\/46884"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15953"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15968"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15968"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15968"},{"taxonomy":"new-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ellipse.prbb.org\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/new-type?post=15968"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}